fa مطالعه تطبیقی شاخصه های صوری نقاشی قاجار با چند نگاره از شاهنامه عمادالکتّاب هنرهای تجسمی Visual Arts پژوهشي Research <p>نقاشی عصر قاجار به‌طور عمده، به دو دوره تقسیم می‌شود: دوره نخست؛ مقارن با سلطنت فتحعلی‌شاه نضج می‌یابد تا عصر ناصری دوام می‌آورد؛ بر تلفیق صور نگارگری و تزئینی با دستاوردهای هنر ناتورالیستی تکیه دارد و سیطره کلی دستاوردهای هنر ایرانی در آن، حائز اهمیت است. دوره دوم، با سلطنت ناصرالدین‌شاه و ظهور هنرمندان اروپارفته، شکل می‌گیرد و مبتنی‌بر بازنمایی از هنر طبیعت‌گرای غرب است. شاهنامه عمادالکتّاب، محصول نیمه دوم است. شاهنامه‌ای که به‌عنوان آخرین نسخه دست‌نویس و مصور شاهنامه، به عهد مظفرالدین‌شاه تعلق دارد اما احراز هویت شاخص‌های ساختاری صور نگارگرانه نیمه‌ نخست قاجار در آن، وانمود محسوسی دارد. بنابراین، در پژوهش حاضر این پرسش مطرح است که: نگاره‌های شاهنامه عمادالکتّاب براساس دستاوردهای هنری کدام سبک نقاشی قاجار خلق شده است. هدف این مطالعه، تطبیق نگاره‌های شاهنامه مذکور با مؤلفه‌های نقاشی مکتب اول و دوم قاجار است. بنابراین پس از معرفی شاخصه‌های نقاشی قاجار، پنج نگاره از شاهنامه عمادالکتّاب به روش توصیفی تحلیلی بررسی می‌شود: نخست، دو نگاره از این نسخه را تشریح و سپس به‌منظور فراهم‌آوردن پشتوانه استدلالی غنی، سه نگاره از شاهنامه عمادالکتّاب با نمونه‌های همتای آن در شاهنامه‌های دیگر عصر قاجار ازجمله شاهنامه داوری، مقایسه می‌گردد. چراکه بررسی‌ها نشان داده‌اند که تصاویر نسخه عمادالکتّاب برخلاف آنکه در نیمه دوم حکومت قاجار خلق شده‌اند، با نمایش چهره‌های عاری از فردیت، غلبه عناصر تزئینی، بهره‌گیری از رنگ‌های گرم و شفاف و استفاده از دورنماهای ساده در تمامی شئون، به سبک نگارگرانه نیمه نخست قاجار ادای دین کرده‌اند. مسئله‌ای که در قیاس با سبک تصویرسازی محمد داوری در شاهنامه داوری که چندی پیش‌تر از نسخه عمادالکتّاب رقم خورده، ارائه هرگونه توجیهی چون ارجاع به سلیقه زمانه و غیرممکن‌بودن راهیابی تکنیک‌های هنر غرب به تصویرگری این کتاب را باطل می‌سازد.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#000000"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The Qajar</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">paintings can be categorized into two main periods: the first</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">period, initiated at the beginning of the reign of Fath</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ali Shah and continued until the reign of Naser al</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">din Shah. It focuses on the combination of ornamental and</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Persian painting forms with the achievements of naturalist art such</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">as perspective principle and its important feature is the total</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">domination of Persian art. In the second period, initiated from</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">the reign of Naser al-din Shah and the arrival</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">of those artists who had been trained in Europe, the</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">painting is based on the representation of the naturalist art</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">of the west and its main feature is an attempt</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">to exactly imitate the principles of atmospheric perspective. The</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> &ldquo;</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Emad</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Al-Kottab</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">&rdquo; </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Shahnameh is a product of the second period</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">; </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">although it belongs to the Mozaffar Al-din Shah period</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">as the last handwritten and illustrated version of Shahnameh, it</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">reflects faithfully the pictorial traditions of the first half of</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Qajar period. The question here is what Qajar school</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">&rsquo;</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">s</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">paintings of Emad-Al-Kottab Shahnameh are based on? The</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">present research is aimed at comparing illustrations at Emad-Al</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kottab Shahnameh with components of the first and second Qajar</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">painting schools. To do so, and after remarking Qajar painting</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">elements, five Persian paintings from Emad-Al-Kottab Ahahnameh are</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">selected and investigated through a descriptive-analytic methodology. Two illustrations</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">are first delineated, then, three paintings of Emad-Al-Kottab</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Shahnameh are compared with their counterparts at other Qajar Shahnameh</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">including Davari Shahnameh. As the investigations show that although Emad</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Al-Kottab illustrations are created through the second half of</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Qajar reign, elements such as faces with no individuality, the</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">dominance of ornamental elements, use of clear warm colors, and</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">simple landscapes reveal influences of the first Qajar school. A</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">comparison of Emad-Al-Kottab illustrations with those of Davari</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Shahnameh, which was created right before Emad-Al-Kottab, rejects</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">any other reasoning, including the influence of taste of that</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">time and the impossibility of the entrance of western art</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">techniques into the book</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">&rsquo;</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">s illustration</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></font></p> تطبیق, قاجار, نقاشی, شاهنامه, عمادالکتّاب, محمد داوری. Comparision, Qajar, Painting, Shahname, Emad al-Kottab, Mohammad Davari. 121 139 http://mth.aui.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-317-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 ashrafosadat mousavi lar اشرف السادات موسوی لر a.mousavi925@gmail.com 10031947532846002550 10031947532846002550 No alzahra university دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا (س)، تهران ameneh mafi tabar آمنه مافی تبار otsi_47@yahoo.com 10031947532846002551 10031947532846002551 Yes alzahra university پژوهش هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا (س)، تهران.