fa تأثیر عوامل اجتماعی- تاریخی ایران عصر قاجار در شکوفایی تعزیه عهد ناصری سایر Other پژوهشي Research <p dir="RTL">تعزیه، یکی از اشکال مذهبی نمایش ایرانی است که بنابر نظر پژوهشگران این حوزه، در دودمان قاجار، خاصه عهد ناصری، به اوج شکوفایی خود رسیده است. به<span dir="LTR">‌</span>زعم بسیاری از آنها، علل مهم شکوفایی این گونه نمایشی در عهد قاجار، یکی تدوام قدرت مذهب تشیع از عهد صفوی به بعد و دیگر، ساخت و برپایی تکایای موقت و تکایای ثابتی چون تکیه دولت بوده است. در این میان برخی آرا، تأثیر شرایط اجتماعی- تاریخی ایران را بر این گونه نمایشی متذکر شده<span dir="LTR">‌</span>اند. وجود چنین نظرگاه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>هایی، هرچند اشاره<span dir="LTR">‌</span>گونه و موردی، نشان<span dir="LTR">‌</span>دهنده تأثیر شرایط اجتماعی در این شکل نمایش آیینی- سنتی است. پرسش اصلی این است که ویژگی های اجتماعی و تاریخی عصر ناصری چه تأثیری در شکوفایی تعزیه این عصر گذاشته است. در مسیر پاسخ به این پرسش، سؤال دیگری مطرح می شود؛ به طور کلی چه رابطه ای میان اشکال هنری و محیط اجتماعی که این اشکال را پدید می آورد، وجود دارد. پدیدآمدن علم جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناسی در قرن هجدهم و درپی آن، گسترش و رشد علوم<span dir="LTR">‌</span>اجتماعی در سده<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های بعدی، منتقدان هنر را برآن داشت تا تفسیر و خوانشی جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناختی از انواع گوناگون اشکال هنری به<span dir="LTR">‌</span>دست دهند. بنابر تعاریف جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناسی هنر، به<span dir="LTR">‌</span>نظر می<span dir="LTR">‌</span>رسد مختصات اجتماعی قاجار، تأثیر قابل<span dir="LTR">‌</span>توجهی بر رواج تعزیه در این عهد گذاشته باشد؛ مختصاتی که خطوط اصلی آن را از یک<span dir="LTR">‌</span>سو نتایج حاصل از کشمکش<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های داخلی و خارجی، استبداد حاصل از نظام مبتنی<span dir="LTR">‌</span>بر کشاورزی، وجود طبقات مختلف و نابرابری<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های اجتماعی، و در سوی دیگر، طبع تفنن<span dir="LTR">‌</span>طلب ناصرالدین شاه تشکیل می<span dir="LTR">‌</span>دهد. مقاله حاضر برآن است تا با برشماری ویژگی<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های تاریخی و اجتماعی عهد ناصری، دلایل جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناختی رواجِ تعزیه را در این دوره تبیین کند. در این مقاله که به روشی توصیفی- تحلیلی و با رویکردی جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناختی نگاشته شده، با بهره<span dir="LTR">‌</span>گیری از نظریه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های جامعه<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شناسی هنر، کوشش شده تا به ترسیم سیمای جامعه قاجار و تأثیر آن بر اقبال تعزیه در دوران حکومت ناصرالدین<span dir="LTR">‌</span>شاه پرداخته شود.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Ta<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">&rsquo;</span>zieh is one of the religious forms of the<span dir="RTL"> </span>Iranian drama which has been flourished in Qajar dynasty and<span dir="RTL"> </span>more specifically in Nassery era according to the researchers of<span dir="RTL"> </span>the Iranian drama field. They believe that the main reasons<span dir="RTL"> </span>for this development in Qajar dynasty are sustainment of the<span dir="RTL"> </span>Shi<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">&rsquo;</span>ite religious authority from Safavid dynasty on and establishment<span dir="RTL"> </span>of temporary as well as permanent Tekies (places for religious<span dir="RTL"> </span>ceremonies) such as the Tekie-ye-Dolat. However, some researchers<span dir="RTL"> </span>suggest the efficacy of the country<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">&rsquo;</span>s socio-historical conditions<span dir="RTL"> </span>in this type of drama. Although such viewpoints have been<span dir="RTL"> </span>restricted to some cases, they confirm the effectiveness of these<span dir="RTL"> </span>conditions on formation of this kind of traditional-ceremonial drams<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">. </span>Appearance of Sociology in the <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">18</span>th century and the development<span dir="RTL"> </span>of the social sciences in the following centuries made the<span dir="RTL"> </span>critics present a sociological interpretation of various art forms<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-YE">.</span></font></font></font></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#000000"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">aim of this study is to determine the socio-historical</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">characteristics of the Nassery Era and to explain the sociological</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">reasons for the considerable development of the Ta</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">&rsquo;</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">zieh in</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">this period of time. This study is a descriptive-analytical</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">study conducted using the theories of the sociology of art</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">which provides an irrefrangible relation between the art and the</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">socio-historical conditions of each era. The aim of the</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">present study is to investigate and present the view of</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">society in Qajar dynasty and its effects on flourishing of</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Ta</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">&rsquo;</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">zieh in Nassery era</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></font></p> جامعه شناسی هنر, تعزیه, صفویه, قاجار. Art sociology, Ta’zieh, Safavid Dynesty, Qajar Dynasty. 109 120 http://mth.aui.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-349-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Ghazal Eskandarnejad غزل اسکندرنژاد ghazal.theater@gmail.com 10031947532846002548 10031947532846002548 Yes پژوهش هنر، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران Mohammadreza Khaki محمدرضا خاکی reza.khaki@gmail.com 10031947532846002549 10031947532846002549 No دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیتمدرس، تهران